4G [Part-2]

Mobile WiMAX Release 2 (also known as WirelessMAN-Advanced or IEEE 802.16m') and LTE Advanced (LTE-A) are IMT-Advanced compliant backwards compatible versions of the above two systems, standardized during the spring 2011,^{[citation needed]} and promising speeds in the order of 1 Gbit/s. Services were expected in 2013.^{[needs update]}

As opposed to earlier generations, a 4G system does not support traditional circuit-switched telephony service, but all-Internet Protocol (IP) based communication such as IP telephony. As seen below, the spread spectrum radio technology used in 3G systems, is abandoned in all 4G candidate systems and replaced by OFDMA multi-carriertransmission and other frequency-domain equalization (FDE) schemes, making it possible to transfer very high bit rates despite extensive multi-path radio propagation (echoes). The peak bit rate is further improved by smart antenna arrays for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications.

Background[edit]

The nomenclature of the generations generally refers to a change in the fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards-compatible transmission technology, higher peak bit rates, new frequency bands, wider channel frequency bandwidth in Hertz, and higher capacity for many simultaneous data transfers (higher system spectral efficiency inbit/second/Hertz/site).

New mobile generations have appeared about every ten years since the first move from 1981 analogue (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This was followed, in 2001, by 3G multi-media support, spread spectrum transmission and at least 200 kbit/s peak bit rate, in 2011/2012 to be followed by "real" 4G, which refers to all-Internet Protocol (IP)packet-switched networks giving mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access.

While the ITU has adopted recommendations for technologies that would be used for future global communications, they do not actually perform the standardization or development work themselves, instead relying on the work of other standard bodies such as IEEE, The WiMAX Forum and 3GPP.

In the mid-1990s, the ITU-R standardization organization released the IMT-2000 requirements as a framework for what standards should be considered 3G systems, requiring 200 kbit/s peak bit rate. In 2008, ITU-R specified the IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G systems.

The fastest 3G-based standard in the UMTS family is the HSPA+ standard, which is commercially available since 2009 and offers 28 Mbit/s downstream (22 Mbit/s upstream) without MIMO, i.e. only with one antenna, and in 2011 accelerated up to 42 Mbit/s peak bit rate downstream using either DC-HSPA+ (simultaneous use of two 5 MHz UMTS carriers)^[3] or 2x2 MIMO. In theory speeds up to 672 Mbit/s are possible, but have not been deployed yet. The fastest 3G-based standard in the CDMA2000 family is the EV-DO Rev. B, which is available since 2010 and offers 15.67 Mbit/s downstream

4G [PART-1]

Dear readers. from today you will get a new series on 4G technologies.

4G, short for fourth generation, is the fourth generation of mobile telecommunications technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G. A true 4G system must provide capabilities defined by ITU in IMT Advanced. Potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing.

Two 4G candidate systems are commercially deployed: the Mobile WiMAX standard (first used in South Korea in 2007), and the first-release Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard (in Oslo, Norway and Stockholm, Sweden since 2009). It has however been debated if these first-release versions should be considered to be 4G or not, as discussed in thetechnical definition section below.

In the United States, Sprint (previously Clearwire) has deployed Mobile WiMAX networks since 2008, while MetroPCS became the first operator to offer LTE service in 2010. USB wireless modems were among the first devices able to access these networks, with WiMAX smartphones becoming available during 2010, and LTE smartphones arriving in 2011. 3G and 4G equipment made for other continents are not always compatible because of different frequency bands. Mobile WiMAX is not available for the European market as of April 2012.

In March 2008, the International Telecommunications Union-Radio communications sector (ITU-R) specified a set of requirements for 4G standards, named the International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced) specification, setting peak speed requirements for 4G service at 100 megabits per second (Mbit/s) for high mobility communication (such as from trains and cars) and 1 gigabit per second (Gbit/s) for low mobility communication (such as pedestrians and stationary users).^[1]

Since the first-release versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE support much less than 1 Gbit/s peak bit rate, they are not fully IMT-Advanced compliant, but are often branded 4G by service providers. According to operators, a generation of network refers to the deployment of a new non-backward-compatible technology. On December 6, 2010, ITU-R recognized that these two technologies, as well as other beyond-3G technologies that do not fulfill the IMT-Advanced requirements, could nevertheless be considered "4G", provided they represent forerunners to IMT-Advanced compliant versions and "a substantial level of improvement in performance and capabilities with respect to the initial third generation systems now deployed"

SGA [slide-43]

The doctrine of Caveat Emptor

2) Where by custom an implied condition of fitness is connected to a contract of sale.

Example: At the time of buying fruits the seller has to give good fruits to buyer or the buyer can easily catch the seller under this law.

  3) Where there is a sale of goods by description, there is an implied condition that the goods are fit for sale.

Example: At the time of buying a product by seeing the description, the buyer needn't check the product that it is ok or not.

tweet-29

Recently in Bangladesh 52 goats were died, burnt from the ashes of tobacco. So we should say no to smoking. please give up this bad habit.

MIS.edu [pts-7]

7.egerness to accept resposibility for development of new idea.

MIS.edu [pts-5,6]

5. excelent comunication skils;

6.Disure to work closely with co-worker;

MIS.edu [pts-4]

4. understanding of 'the big picture  as well as the small ditails.'

MIS. EDU-[PTS;3]

3.Ability to manage time and resource;

MIS.EDU-[pts; 1,2]

1.excellent problem solving skills;

2. Thinking strategycally about technology;

poster

This is a sample of a poster work.

MIS IN ORG [PART-3]

1.            pursuing MIS degrees must possess following traits: —PEOPLE PURSUING MIS DEGREES 14

2.            15.  MI-a subset of the entire available info—Adequacy vCompleteness vAccuracy vTimeliness v MI-quality info — MIS must provide MI to managers for decision-making — MIS = MI + S —New perspective of Information 15

3.            16.  Dissemination of MI – finished product of MIS— Retrieval — Storage — Processing of data — Data capturing —MIS FUNCTIONS 16

4.            17.  Output: Arranged Data - Sale by Product - Sales by Salesman— Processor: Classify , Sort , Summarize , calculate - Conversion of input into outputs — Input: Data to be arranged - Sales in units by each salesman for a period. - Estimated sales in units of competitors. - Economic condition and trends —COMPONENTS OF MIS 17

5.            18. Managerial Functions 18

6.            19.  Monitoring progress towards goals¡ Controlling — Guiding employees to perform their work ¡ Directing — Staffing — How to use resources ¡ Organizing — Devise short-range and long-range plans and set goals to help achieve the plans ¡ Planning —Managerial Functions 19

7.            20.  Middle level (tactical) -Carry ou— High level (strategic) -Long-range view -Planning —Management Levels 20  Low level (operational) -Supervisor -Directing and controlling—t the plan -Assemble the material 1.Hire the resources 2.Organize and staff

8.            21.  MIS development team is incompetent.— Management lacks interest in MIS development process and relies solely on MIS development’s specification. — Organization’s objectives have not been specified. — Organization has not defined its mission clearly. — Organization does not have a reliable management system . —Pitfalls of MIS 21

9.            22. Role of information in the decision process 22

10.          23.  Internet Sources -wikipedia -www.mu.ac.in/mis.pdf— Textbook Source -M.Awadh —Bibliography 23 

MIS IN ORG [PART-2]

1.            7.  MIS plays the role of information generation, communication, problem identification and helps in the process of decision making— MIS helps in Strategic Planning, Management Control, Operational Control and Transaction Processing. — System ensures that an appropriate data is collected from the various sources, processed, and sent further to all the needy destination. —ROLE OF MIS 7

2.            8.  Explain how computer networking and related software have flattened the classic management pyramid— Describe the purpose and components of a management information system (MIS) — List and describe the classic functions of managers – planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling —Objectives 8

3.            9.  Explain the concept of total cost of personal computer ownership— Explain the problems and solutions related to managing personal computers — Describe the purpose and function of sophisticated software for top managers — Describe how many companies use employees in task-oriented teams —Objectives 9

4.            10.  Cost effectiveness:It has helped to computerize business processes thus streamlining businesses to make them extremely cost effective money making machines.— Communication :With the help of this , communication has become cheaper , quicker and more efficient. — Globalisation : It has not only brought the world closer together ,but it has allowed the worlds economy to become a single interdependent sysem. This means that we can bring down barriers of linguistic and geographic boundaries. —Advantages Of MIS 10

5.            11.  Privacy: Though IT may have made communication quicker, easier and more convenient , it has also brought along privacy issues.— Dominant Culture: While information technology may have made the world a global village , it has also contributed to one culture dominating another weaker one. — Lack of Job Security: Industry experts believe that the internet has made job security a big issue as technology keeps on changing with each day. —Disadvantages of MIS 11

6.            12.  Project LeaderØ Data Analyst Ø Application Developer Ø Consultant ØAnalyst Ø MIS professionals have following career options: — MIS professionals are leaders who initiate ,design and apply technology to transform business functions and produce innovative products and services. —MIS As A Career 12

7.            13.  MIS as a PROJECT LEADER organizes a team of analysts ,programmers and others to create an innovative solution.— MIS as a DATA ANALYST extracts and analyzes organizational data. — MIS as a APPLICATION DEVELOPER develop software to gather and store data — MIS as a CONSULTANT analyze problems and change business processes. — MIS as a SYSTEM ANALYST study business problems and implement systems to solve them. —Roles Of MIS Professionals 13

14. Ability to think strategically about technology.vAbility to effectively manage time and resources vExcellent communication skills vGood problem solving skills v People